1) In Greek mythology, Pandora is the first human woman created by the gods. She is known for opening a forbidden box (commonly mistranslated as a "Pandora's box") and releasing various evils into the world. However, hope remains trapped inside the box, offering a glimmer of light amidst the darkness.

2) The Bank of England, established in 1694, is the central bank of the United Kingdom and one of the oldest central banks in the world.

3) The concept of proportional representation, used in some electoral systems, aims to ensure that political parties' representation in government aligns more closely with the proportion of votes they receive from the electorate.

4) The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity.